NUA – One Overlooked Benefit Of Employer Stock In Your 401(k)
October 03, 2018Should you own stock in your current or former employer? There are mixed opinions out there regarding the risk of holding too much stock in the same company that provides your paycheck, but before you liquidate a large holding in your 401(k), keep reading.
One little known benefit of holding company stock in a 401(k) plan is the ability to have the “net unrealized appreciation” of the stock or “NUA” taxed at a lower tax rate. Normally, when you take money out of a traditional 401(k), it’s taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. However, the gain in employer stock can be taxed at the lower long term capital gains rate if you meet several conditions:
Here’s how NUA works
1) You have to reach a triggering event. This can be death, disability, separation from service, or reaching age 59 ½. You can’t take advantage of this at any time. Most people take advantage of it upon retirement or after.
2) You have to take a lump sum distribution of the entire account. You can’t just withdraw the shares of stock. However, you can choose to roll the rest of the money into an IRA or another retirement account, while moving the company stock shares to a regular brokerage account.
3) The employer stock has to be distributed “in kind.” Basically, this means you can’t sell the shares and then withdraw the cash as you would typically withdraw money from a 401(k). Instead, you have to transfer the shares of stock into a brokerage firm.
If you meet the criteria above, then when you do a withdrawal of the company stock, you would pay ordinary income taxes on the cost basis of the stock (essentially the value of the stock when you purchased or received it) at that time. You may choose to hold the stock or liquidate some or all of it at that point. When you do so, you’ll pay taxes at the lower long term capital gains rate on any growth in the value of the shares beyond what you paid for them (regardless of how long you actually held them).
Be aware that withdrawing a large amount of stock could push you into a higher tax bracket for that year, so you’ll want to be strategic about when you make this move. However, removing the stock from your retirement account would also reduce the amount of required minimum distributions you’d have to take starting at age 70 ½. (Incidentally, the capital gain would not be subject to the 3.8% Medicare surtax on investment income, but the stock would not benefit from a step-up in basis when you pass away.)
It’s about more than just the taxes
As I always like to say, don’t let the tax tail wag the dog though. This is not a reason to load up on company stock. After all, individual stocks are always a lot riskier than diversified mutual funds since an individual stock can go to zero and never recover. This is even more true when it’s the company that your job is tied to. A good rule of thumb is to never have more than 10-15% of your portfolio in any one stock, especially your employer’s.
That being said, it could be a good reason to keep some money in company stock, especially if you already have shares that have appreciated quite a bit. In fact, this is one of the main reasons I would suggest someone not roll a former employer’s retirement plan into an IRA or a new retirement plan while they are still working.
How to decide whether NUA is right for you
You can calculate the value of doing an NUA distribution vs an IRA rollover here. If you’re still not sure whether this makes sense for you, see if your employer offers access to an unbiased financial planner who can help you with what can be a complex decision, or consult your own financial advisor if not.